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E 0215 CRUSE
The Old English word " cruse " is of Germanic origin .
H 0525 ס ו
כ
Concept of root :
cup
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Hebrew word
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pronunciation
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English meanings
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ס ו כ
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kos
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drinking-cup
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Related English words
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cruse
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Comparison between European words and
Hebrew
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Languages
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Words
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Pronunciation
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English meanings
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Similarity in roots
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Hebrew
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ס ו כ
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kos
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drinking-cup
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k . s
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Greek
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κρωσσος
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krossos
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pitcher
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k r . s
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Old Irish
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kosa
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kosa
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vat
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k . s
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Lettish, Latvian
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kauss
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kauss
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drinking-cup
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k . s
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Dutch
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kroes
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krus
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drinking-cup
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k r . s
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English
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cruse
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cup
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c r . s
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Proto-Semitic *KOS --- *KŎS > *KRŎS Indo-European
The Greek and Germanic words have an R. That may have been a development from a word without R, like Hebrew "kos ". Anyhow in this case we see in Celtic Old Irish and in Baltic Latvian a clear similarity with Hebrew. The fact that these words do not have an R, makes it probable that the Old English and Dutch R have been introduced in a later stage of development, be it probably already during Indo-European, as it is also found in Greek and Slavic.
This may happen now and then as an emphasizing of speech without bringing any real difference in meaning of the word . The same can be supposed in entry E 0208 (Hebrew 0520).
Note:
- Proto-Semitic. The hypothesis of a Proto-Semitic word without the central consonant "W (waw)", that is present in Hebrew ( pronounced as a vowel "O"), is based on Akkadian "kasu = cup, goblet" and Arabic "ka's = cup, goblet", that indeed lack the central "O". But there is an Arabic sisterword "kuz = small jug" that suggests the central "Waw" should have been present also in Proto-Semitic, as it is in Hebrew. This thesis finds support in the fact that also most of the cited Indo European languages feature an O-sound or U-sound. Proto-Semitic may have had "*כ ו ס , K W S".
Note:
- Proto-Germanic. With some inventiveness to the end of differentiation in Germanic we find also words for "pitcher, bottle", a meaning like that of Greek "krossos", with a final "K" or "G" instead of "S". Examples are German "Krug" , Old English "crōg", Dutch "kruik" and again Old English "crūce". The words "Krug", Dutch "kroeg" and in fact also Nordic "Krog" have rightly acquired as well the meaning of "pub", the place where drinks are poured.
Proto-Germanic probably had the form(s) "*K R Ū S-", and / or "*K R Ō S-", that are found in many old Germanic tongues.
Note:
- Indo-European. With words that have "K R . S" and others that have "K . S" we must face the possibility that the introduction of an "R" after the initial "K" has taken place in Indo-European but has never been fully generalized. We have no information that allows to distinguish fully between more kinds of vessels following this difference between "KR.S" and "K.S".
There is some information for words with the extended root as found in the previous note in Germanic, "K R . G" or "K R . K", also in Celtic and Russian.
Celtic offers Middle Irish "crocan" and Cymric "crochan", both meaning "pot".
Russian has a word rather much like Dutch "kroes" : "кружка, kruzjka = mug, cup". Then without a second "K", without "R", with the first "K" according to "satem-centum" having become "S" :
Russian has as well a word somewhat nearer to Hebrew "kos" : "сосуд, sosud = vessel" and in plural "crockery".
Indo-European probably had the older form "*K Ō S-" and introduced the newer "*K R Ō S-", with occasional changes of the vowel into "Ū" .
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| Created: Tuesday 6 November 2007 at 22.30.54 Updated: 02/11/2012 at 18.26.31 |
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